The real kind falls this story Quanisa magazine appeared.
Far from being Solo spoilers, many of the viruses have a more complex relationship. In the ocean, soil, and your stomach, they may fight and eat each other, exchanging DNA, competing for nutrients, or feeding on products made by one another. Sometimes they get more intimate: one cell can go inside another and enjoy itself. If the conditions are right, they can stay and be accepted, sparking relationships that can last for generations or even billions of years. This condition of one cell living inside another, called endosymbiosis, has stimulated the evolution of complex life.
Examples of endosymbiosis are everywhere. Mitochondria, the energy factories of your cells, used to have free radicals. Photosynthetic plants decompose their sun-spun sugar in the chloroplast, which was originally an independent organism. Many insects get their essential nutrients from the bacteria that live inside them. And last year researchers discovered a “nitroplast,” an endosymbiont that helps algae process nitrogen.
Most of life relies on endosymbiotic relationships, but scientists have struggled to understand how it happens. How does the inner cell start digestion? How does it learn to reproduce within its host? What makes a random combination of two independent things a stable, lasting partnership?
Now, for the first time, researchers have observed the opening choreography of this microscopic dance of endosymbiosis in the lab. After sterilizing the fungus – a process that requires solving creative problems (and a bicycle pump) – the researchers were able to cooperate without killing the bacteria or the host. Their observations provide a glimpse into the conditions that make it possible for the same thing to happen in the wild.
Cells are even converted to each other faster than expected. “To me, this means that creatures want to live together, and tibiliosis is a common thing,” said Vasilili “So that’s big, big news for me and for this world.”
Early attempts that were short-lived revealed that most mobile love stories fail. But by understanding how, why, and when organisms accept endosymbionts, researchers can better understand key moments in evolution, and possibly develop artificial cells of Endosymbionts with superpowers.
Cell wall reakiapough
Julia Vorholt, a microbiologist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich in Switzerland, has long been confused by the conditions of endosymbiosis. Researchers in the field note that when a virus enters a host cell, the relationship between infection and infection increases. If the bacterium appears too quickly, it risks depleting the host’s resources and triggering an immune response, resulting in the death of the guest, the host, or both. If it appears slowly, it will not help the stock. Only in rare cases, they think, does a bacterium achieve a Goldilocks rate of reproduction. After that, to be a true endosymbional, it must enter its reproductive cycle to return to ride the next generation. Finally, the kingdom’s genome must eventually be modified to accommodate the bacterium – allowing the two to emerge as a unit.
“They became addicted to each other,” Vorholt said.
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